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Lamarckism is dead - long live Lamarckism Two hundred years since the publication of Lamarck’s first works on evolution
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Lamarckism is dead - long live Lamarckism Two hundred years since the publication of Lamarck’s first works on evolution
Annotation
PII
S0205-96060000622-1-
Publication type
Article
Status
Published
Authors
Yuriy Chaikovsky 
Edition
Volume 23 Issue 3
Pages
430-447
Abstract

In 1794, an English physician, poet, and philosopher of nature, Erasmus Darwin, published his Zoonomy, which contained (in 39th chapter) the principles that were later stated by Lamarck and formed the basis of Lamarckism. E. Darwin was the founder of physiological evolutionism. Lamarck never mentioned E. Darwin directly, but his first book on evolution contained numerous references to Jean Cabanis, whose work had quotations from Zoonomy. These first books were Hydrogeologie and Recherches sur I'organisation des corps vivans, published both in 1802.

Lamarck’s concept is based, not on the notion of inheritance of acquired characteristics, but on the following assumptions: (1) that nature has an inherent tendency toward increased structural complexity (or progress); and (2) that external conditions have an indirect effect on evolution by making particular organs to fall into use or disuse, which causes structural changes capable ofbeing inherited. As phenomena, both (1) and (2) are possible by virtue of the self-driven activity of an individual organism therefore, is the chief factor of evolution in Lamarck’s view. (As for inheritance of acquired characteristics, Lamarck s scheme needs it only as a “tool” for transforming this self-driven activity into an agent of evolution.)Throughout the second half of the 20th century, these two basic principles were considered unscientific. However, they were never proven false by experiment; they just lost their attractiveness in comparison with a simpler concept of Neodarwinism. Hence, the idea about the activity of an organism as a factor of evolution was ignored.Beginning with the studies on bacterial genetics by John Cairns (published in 1988), Lamarckism has experienced a revival, although not in its home country. An even more important source of this revival was the recent work on the genesis of immunity in warm-blooded animals. The mechanism generating the diversity of immunoglobulins proved a clear and easily observable instance of the general process of gene construction. This process appears to flow “a la Lamarck.” The phenomenon, considered a result of an accidental undirected mutation since the birth of genetics, turns out to be an outcome of an extremely complicated process which has been figuratively termed “natural gene engineering.” While this process necessarily involves an element of chance, it nonetheless exhibits an overall direction.
Date of publication
01.09.2002
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