- PII
- S268667300023850-5-
- DOI
- 10.31857/S2686673022120033
- Publication type
- Article
- Status
- Published
- Authors
- Volume/ Edition
- Volume / Issue 12
- Pages
- 38-52
- Abstract
For Israel maintaining strong relations with Diaspora remains one of the key goals as the Jewish State. American Jewry, American Zionist organizations and Pro-Israel lobbyists have been playing an important role in organizing support and providing assistance for Israel in the US. However, in the XXI century there is a deepening crisis between the Jewish state and American Jewish community, mainly, because of dissatisfaction of Israel’s domestic and foreign policy. Managing the risks of lowering support from the US, that are the most important strategic partners for Jerusalem, Israel has intensified its rapprochement with the US Christian Zionists, who are the most consistent supporters the Jewish state as “the Zionist project”. The Christian Zionist’s interest in Israel is based on the Bible's theological interpretation of the significance of the gathering and preservation of the Jews in Palestine (and then in Israel) for the ultimate salvation of mankind. Despite the controversy of this concept to the core principles of Judaism and Zionism, the significance of their support, primarily political, for Israel is currently increasing.
- Keywords
- American Jewish Community, Zionism, Christian Zionism, Evangelists, American-Israeli relations, pro-Israel lobbyism
- Date of publication
- 28.12.2022
- Year of publication
- 2022
- Number of purchasers
- 6
- Views
- 1097
References
- 1. Pew Research Center. Beyond Red VS. Blue: the Political Typology. 09.11.2021. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/11/09/progressive-left/#progressive-left-who-they-are (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 2. Pew Research Center. Jewish Americans in 2020. 11.05.2020. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/jewish-americans-in-2020/ (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 3. Feldman A., Adkins L. Orthodox to Dominate American Jewry in Coming Decades as Population Booms. 12.06.2018 // Forward. Available at: https://forward.com/news/402663/orthodox-will-dominate-american-jewry-in-coming-decades-as-population/ (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 4. Telhami S. Most Americans, including half of young Democrats, disapprove of Biden’s handling of recent Gaza crisis. 29.07.2021 // Brookings. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/07/29/most-americans-including-half-of-young-democrats-disapprove-of-bidens-handling-of-recent-gaza-crisis/ (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 5. Troy G. The Jewish Vote: Political Power and Identity in US Elections // Ruderman Foundation (Haifa), 2017. Available at: https://rudermanfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Jewish-Vote-Ruderman-Program.pdf P. 51 (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 6. Pew Research Center. Jewish Americans in 2020. 11.05.2020. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/jewish-americans-in-2020/ (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 7. Pew Research Center. A portrait of Jewish Americans. 01.10.2013. Available at: https://www.pewforum.org/2013/10/01/jewish-american-beliefs-attitudes-culture-survey/ (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 8. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime Data Explorer. Available at: https://crime-data-explorer.fr.cloud.gov/pages/explorer/crime/hate-crime (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 9. Levin Y. Why Benjamin Netanyahu represents all Jews. 16.02.2015. The Jerusalem Post. Available at: https://www.jpost.com/opinion/why-benjamin-netanyahu-represents-all-jews-391226 (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 10. Pew Research Center. What the 2020 electorate looks like by party, race and ethnicity, age, education and religion. 26.10.2020. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/26/what-the-2020-electorate-looks-like-by-party-race-and-ethnicity-age-education-and-religion/ (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 11. Pew Research Center. Religious Landscape Study. Available at: https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/political-ideology/conservative/ (accessed: 23.07.2022)
- 12. Samuels A.B. What – and who – is the "Twelfth Man" for Israel? 18.10.2021 // AllIsraelNews. Available at: https://www.allisrael.com/what-and-who-is-the-twelfth-man-for-israel (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 13. Watanabe T. Christians Split over Conflict in the Mideast // Los Angeles Times, May 5, 2002.
- 14. U.S. Presidential Elections: Jewish Voting Record (1916 - Present). Jewish Virtual Library. Available at: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-voting-record-in-u-s-presidential-elections (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 15. Telhami S. As Israel increasingly relies on US evangelicals for support, younger ones are walking away: What polls show. 26.05.2021 // Brookings. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/05/26/as-israel-increasingly-relies-on-us-evangelicals-for-support-younger-ones-are-walking-away-what-polls-show/ (accessed: 23.07.2022)
- 16. Letter to President Bush from Evangelical Leaders // The New York Times. July 29, 2007.
- 17. Drezner D. How did Evangelicals Get to Own Religion in America // Foreign Policy. May 12, 2005. Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2005/05/12/HOW-DID-EVANGELICALS-GET-TO-OWN-RELIGION-IN-AMERICA/ (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 18. Schwadel P., Smith G. Evangelical approval of Trump remains high, but other religious groups are less supportive. 15.03.2019 // Brookings. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/18/evangelical-approval-of-trump-remains-high-but-other-religious-groups-are-less-supportive/ (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 19. Haag M. Robert Jeffress, Pastor Who Said Jews Are Going to Hell, Led Prayer at Jerusalem Embassy // The New York Times. May 14, 2018. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/14/world/middleeast/robert-jeffress-embassy-jerusalem-us.html (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 20. Robins W. Evangelical support for Israel is neither permanent nor inevitable. 19.07.2021 // Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/evangelical-support-for-israel-is-neither-permanent-nor-inevitable-164209 (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 21. Stoil R. Netanyahu: Evangelical Christians are Israel’s best friends // The Times of Israel. 18 July 2017. Available at: https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-evangelical-christians-are-israels-best-friends/ (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 22. Magid J. Dermer suggests Israel should prioritize support of evangelicals over US Jews // The Times of Israel. 10 May 2021. Available at: https://www.timesofisrael.com/dermer-suggests-israel-should-prioritize-support-of-evangelicals-over-us-jews/ (accessed: 23.07.2022).
- 23. Garbuzov V.N. Amerikanskij konservativnye volny // SShA ( Kanada: ehkonomika, politika, kul'tura. 2016. № 5. S. 3-17.
- 24. Karasova T.A. «Sdelka veka» D. Trampa. Privedyot li novyj plan SShA k uregulirovaniyu palestino-izrail'skogo konflikta // Svobodnaya mysl'. 2020. № 4. S. 63-74.
- 25. Sidorova E.A. Osobennosti evrejskoj diaspory v SShA // Mirovaya ehkonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. 2012. № 10. S. 69–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-10-69-78
- 26. Beinart P. The Crisis of Zionism. London: Picador, 2013.
- 27. Carenen C. The Fervent Embrace. Liberal Protestants, Evangelicals, and Israel. New York: New York University Press, 2012.
- 28. Dashefsky A., Sheskin I.M. (eds) American Jewish Year Book 2021. The Annual Record of the North American Jewish Communities since 1899. Berlin: Springer, 2022.
- 29. Goldman Sh. Zeal for Zion: Christians, Jews, and the Idea of the Promised Land. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
- 30. McDermott G. The New Christian Zionism: Fresh Perspectives on Israel and the Land. InterVarsity Press, 2016.
- 31. Neil R. The Relationship Between American Evangelical Christians and the State of Israel / Future / Israel and the United States. Six Decades of US-Israeli Relations (ed) Freedman R.O. New York: Routledge, 2012.
- 32. Reinhars J., Shapira A. (eds) Essential Papers on Zionism. New York: New York University Press, 1995. P. 308- 309.
- 33. Spector S. Evangelicals and Israel: the Story of American Christian Zionism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
- 34. Thomas J. Elpis Israel. An Exposition of the Kingdom of God. 9th edition. Birmingham: C.C. Walker, 1910.
- 35. Waxman D. Trouble in the Tribe. The American Jewish Conflict over Israel. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016.